Close your eyes and travel back in time 2,000 years. You’re riding the back of a camel laden with frankincense and myrrh from far away Yemen, navigating 100 kilometers (62 miles) across the harsh, hilly Negev Desert to get your precious cargo to the Mediterranean ports.
For over 500 years, from the 3rd century BCE until the 2nd century CE, this was the hazardous, but hugely profitable, task of the nomadic Nabatean people.
Today, the small Israeli portion of the 2,000-kilometer Incense Route, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a fascinating trail filled with beautiful desert vistas and archaeological discoveries.
The route includes the remains of the Nabatean towns of Halutza, Mamshit, Avdat, Shivta and Nitzana, four fortresses (Katzra, Nekarot, Mahmal, and Grafon) and two khans (Moa and Saharonim). You can see evidence of surprisingly sophisticated watering holes and agriculture that the Nabateans innovated.
“The Roman and Greek empires controlled a lot of cities around the Mediterranean shores, and in all these cities there were pagan shrines where they sacrificed animals. The smell was terrible, so the Nabateans brought incense for those shrines to cover the smell of the slaughter,” explains tour guide Atar Zehavi, whose Israeli Wild tours specialize in off-the-beaten-track jeeping, cycling, hiking, and camel-back trips like the Incense Route.
“The route is surprisingly difficult because there were easier ways to go across the Negev. The Nabateans wanted to stay hidden from other Arab tribes that might ambush the caravans, and they wanted to avoid being discovered by the Romans so they could keep their independence,” Zehavi stated. “They knew how to harness the harsh desert conditions to their advantage, building water holes and strongholds others would not find. The Romans conquered Judea pretty easily, but it took them another 150 years to conquer the Nabateans.”
Jeeping and Sleeping
Zehavi recommends a two-day “jeeping and sleeping” excursion along the Incense Route (also known as the Spice Route). Start in the east at Moa in the Arava Valley, the site of an ancient desert inn. From there, ascend the Katzra mountaintop, a stronghold overlooking the whole region. This will give you an appreciation for how hard it was to lead a caravan of camels up a steep slope.
“They’d travel 30 kilometers a day between khans. One camel carried 350 kilos (771 pounds) of incense and only needed to drink once every 10 days or so,” says Zehavi, who has a master’s degree in environmental studies.
Even back then, camels wouldn’t have much to drink at the third stop, the Nekarot River, a dry riverbed that once flowed through the Arif mountain range and northern Arava. The Nekarot is part of the Israel National Trail and boasts spectacular landscapes. This leads you past Saharonim to the fourth stop, the town of Mitzpeh Ramon with its world-famous Ramon Crater that still has visible Nabatean milestones among its abundant flora and fauna.
Ramon is the world’s largest erosion crater, stretching nearly 40 kilometers (25 miles) and descending to a depth of 400 meters. It has unique geological structures such as the Hamansera (Prism) of crystallized sandstone and the Ammonite rock wall embedded with fossils.
Camp out overnight in the crater, if weather and traveler preferences permit. A variety of hotels, from desert lodge, to hostel, to luxury are also in the crater area.
While in Mitzpeh Ramon, you may want to include the visitors’ center and a nighttime stargazing tour. The next morning, you’ll have a choice of trails for walking, jeeping, or biking in the crater.
Getting back on the Incense Route, you’ll go up Mahmal Ascent on the northern rim of the crater, a 250- to 300-meter climb to the Mahmal Fortress. Proceed northwest from there to Avdat National Park, the site of a flourishing Nabatean city where you can see shrines that were later turned into Byzantine churches.
Photo by Yaakov Naumi
Zehavi explains that after the Roman Empire transitioned into Byzantine Christianity around 324 CE, incense was no longer needed. The Nabateans started producing wine and raised Arabian horses to replace the lost source of income that incense provided their culture. “It’s amazing to see the way the harsh desert was colonized for agriculture through the use of highly sophisticated irrigation systems,” says Zehavi.
Photo by Atar Zehavi
Originally posted at Israel21c.